Darwins Theory Of Natural Selection Essays - Charles Darwin

Darwin's Theory Of Natural Selection Charles Darwin revolutionized biology when he introduced The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. Although Wallace had also came upon this revelation shortly before Origins was published, Darwin had long been in development of this theory. Wallace amicably relinquished the idea to Darwin, allowing him to become the first pioneer of evolution. Darwin was not driven to publish his finding, which he'd been collecting for several years before Wallace struck upon it, because he had ?never come across a single [naturalist] who seemed to doubt to permanence of species? (Ridley, pp. 70). What follows are the key points of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection taken directly from the two chapters concerning it in his book Origins. In chapter III of Origins Darwin sets up his discussion on Natural Selection by establishing the struggle for existence in nature. By this he means not only an individuals need to fend of enemies and survive its environment but also it's ability to create living, healthy, successful offspring. The first factor concerning this struggle is the ratio of increase in any given species. Darwin explains how this struggle must be occurring otherwise a single species would dominate the entire earth because every single one of it's offspring would survive. This is due to the fact that every species reproduces exponentially, a rate that would soon produce astonishing numbers if left unchecked. This does not happen however, because nature has a system of checks and balances. Although we may not be able to detect these checks, we can see their effects by the indisputable fact that one species doesn't completely dominate the planet. These checks consist of enemies eating the young or even adults, the rigors of weather or environment, and countless others. In this way birds, for example, cannot populate beyond their food supply, and the grains they feed on are held in check, because even though they may produce thousands of seeds only a few are able to reach maturity. Darwin goes on to show how all plants and animals compete and relate to each other in this struggle for existence. He does so by relating various personal observations that show the introduction of a different species of plant or animal can have a direct effect on the present survival of the indigenous species and even allow other foreign species to proliferate. This leads to interspecies survival, which Darwin considers the hardest struggle of all, and the one that may have the greatest effect on the evolution of a species through Natural Selection. It springs forth from the similarity in ?habits and constitution?. Plants and animals of the same species must compete for the same food and the same space to live in. Also, the original make-up of a plant or animal may give it an advantage to thrive in an ever-competitive environment. This brings us to Natural Selection and survival of the fittest that Darwin is most known for. Darwin begins chapter IV by comparing human selection to nature's ability to select, dubbing his theory Natural Selection, and explaining how imperceptible it is for us (at least science in his time) to examine the minute changes slowly taking place in nature. Variations in a species now come into play, and how these adaptations concern Natural Selection. Slight differences in an individual of a species will give rise to two situations. One is that it will be an injurious variation, which will definitely lead to the death of the individual because of the aforementioned struggle for existence. The other is a favorable adaptation in the individual's ability to gather nutrients, survive its enemies, survive its environment, etc. The chance of this individual surviving is greater than its less adapted competitors, however slight, which gives it a better chance of leaving progeny. These progeny will also have these abilities, increasing their chances of survival. Changes in the young can also bring about changes in the adult, as the individual approaches maturity, due to the difference in its original constitution. Once again, it will possibly leave new traits to it's progeny (if they are advantageous and this variation doesn't die out), spreading the variation throughout the community and continuing the cycle

Free Essays on Why Adult Stem Cells Are Better Than Embryonic Stem Cells

STEM CELL RESURCH By: Zacchaeus Nash Why adult stem cells are better than embryonic stem cells. In this paper I will try to inform you the reader of the importance and adaptability of Biotechnology’s finest researchers. In the beginning they started with embryonic stem cells which found resistance from the American public, in the way of pro-life advocates. Which, lead the strike that the human embryo should be treated in a respectful manner and not to be used for research. With this challenge in the way the Biotechnologist looked for another way to secure the all necessary stem cells. They would find them in adult patients and in doing so they by pass the controversy. Let’s start off with the definition of a stem cell. It is a cell that can replicate indefinitely and which can differentiate into other cells; stem cells serve as a continuous source of new cells (from the biotech life science dictionary). Now, if stem cells can form into a cell in the body it is only logical to look for them in the first part of human life: the embryo. Since humans start from one cell which in turn forms into a fully functional human being. With this said the Biotechnologist looked in the most logical place to find them in the embryo, in which they did. As their research became public, the American people began to question the moral issue at hand. It did not take them long to deem it morally and socially wrong. From their stand point the embryo is a life and should be treated with the same respect of all human life. As, the president of the United States would say â€Å"We should not, as a society, grow life to destroy it.† He soon would push congress and the house into passing legislation against human cloning and stem cell research. Telling the researchers that the 77 strains of cells would be more than enough to perform the required research. This meant that the Biotechnologist had to look for a less controversial source o... Free Essays on Why Adult Stem Cells Are Better Than Embryonic Stem Cells Free Essays on Why Adult Stem Cells Are Better Than Embryonic Stem Cells STEM CELL RESURCH By: Zacchaeus Nash Why adult stem cells are better than embryonic stem cells. In this paper I will try to inform you the reader of the importance and adaptability of Biotechnology’s finest researchers. In the beginning they started with embryonic stem cells which found resistance from the American public, in the way of pro-life advocates. Which, lead the strike that the human embryo should be treated in a respectful manner and not to be used for research. With this challenge in the way the Biotechnologist looked for another way to secure the all necessary stem cells. They would find them in adult patients and in doing so they by pass the controversy. Let’s start off with the definition of a stem cell. It is a cell that can replicate indefinitely and which can differentiate into other cells; stem cells serve as a continuous source of new cells (from the biotech life science dictionary). Now, if stem cells can form into a cell in the body it is only logical to look for them in the first part of human life: the embryo. Since humans start from one cell which in turn forms into a fully functional human being. With this said the Biotechnologist looked in the most logical place to find them in the embryo, in which they did. As their research became public, the American people began to question the moral issue at hand. It did not take them long to deem it morally and socially wrong. From their stand point the embryo is a life and should be treated with the same respect of all human life. As, the president of the United States would say â€Å"We should not, as a society, grow life to destroy it.† He soon would push congress and the house into passing legislation against human cloning and stem cell research. Telling the researchers that the 77 strains of cells would be more than enough to perform the required research. This meant that the Biotechnologist had to look for a less controversial source o...

Multicast routing in mobile networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicast routing in mobile networking - Essay Example MAODV is the best in communicating from the sender to the receiver nodes. Packet delivery ratio for MAODV and AODV This is the ratio between the packet of data that are actually delivered and those sent by the source.AODV been a multicast routing protocol it performs slightly better than MAODV in terms of packet delivery ratio. The ratio increase as the number of receivers decreases. These are very shocking a result since MAODV is designed to handle multiple receivers. Magld (2007) This is a ratio measured against the pause time. It also used in measuring mobility. The results are expected because this is the testing a mobile ad hoc network environment.MAODV is seen to deliver more packets as long as time is not increased .It works better than AODV and FDQA. AODV and FDQA vary slightly overtime but they are much lower in terms of success rather than MAODV. Magld (2007) FDQA is designed to deal with one QoS requirement delay .FDQA has high end-to-end delay over time. In comparison to MAODV and AODV, which has lower latency in short, term .FDQA algorithm, this is based on Fanos algorithm. The simulation I have conducted is testing the effect change in the node delay that has the success ratio. I have also tested the node delay effect on the average message overhead. The result shows the node delay positively affects both FDQA and A0DV success ratios and it has much of an effect on average message overheads for FDQA. MAODV and AODV are compared in relation to three parameters namely; Throughput, latency and packet delivery ratio.MAODV has performed slightly better but not in all of them. It has generally works better in a multicast ad hoc network environment than AODV does despite having same similarities. In comparing MAODV, AODV and FDQA I have found that MAODV has a higher performance that FDQA in relation to packet delivery ratio.FDQA algorithm has been designed to address

Legal Critique#1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Critique#1 - Assignment Example aking into account federal funds, which the University received for educational necessities, the deaf student was supposed to use the services of sign-language interpreter provided by the University. However, the University refused to satisfy the student’s requirement and, therefore, displayed discriminatory attitude to a person with physical deviation (P#3, C#1, L#11-13). The plaintiff demanded the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas to provide declaratory relief and oblige the respondent to ensure the services of interpreter. The Federal Court granted preliminary injunction, which forced the University to satisfy the plaintiff’s complaint. This decision was made based on the assumption that Walter Camenisch would prevail on merits. Simultaneously, preliminary injunction took place along with the requirement for the plaintiff to post a security bond of $3,000.00 (1981 P#3, C#1, L#31-35). However, the case was forwarded to the Court of Appeals claiming for its mootness caused with the graduation of a student. The Court of Appeals confirmed the preliminary injunction. The University received certiorari (1981, P#3, C#2, L#8-12). But the Supreme Court raised the issue regarding not the question about who should pay for the interpreter, which the Court of Appeals correctly decided to be viewed in a trial on the merits, but whether the District Court exceeded the authority and violated its discretion by granting preliminary relief (1981 P#1, C#2, L#6-7). Considering the chance that the absence of injunction would harm Walter Camenisch, the District Court granted preliminary injunction based on a judgment on the merits. Preliminary evaluation of the merits showed prevalence of the student. In addition, the court ordered the complainant to ensure security bond for protecting the defendant. The University implemented the court’s decision and the student graduated meanwhile the Court of Appeals rejected the mootness of the case stating that

To what extent were Human Rights violated in Palestine by Israel since Research Paper

To what extent were Human Rights violated in Palestine by Israel since the war started in 1948 - Research Paper Example The whole menace comes from the issue of land and fights on who should take control. There has been some refugee who fled the original homes in the present day Israel, who finds the way to get back to their homes (Adwan, 30). This issue of going back has been a serious problem. For years, there have been many trials to solve the problem but it led to more problems than good. There have been situations where Israel had put Palestine under suffocating military and Palestine had been terrorizing the Israel. The two dimensions of the rivalry have been worsened by long bitter and the violent history existing between the two nations. Palestinians and Israelis have had divergent views of over last seventy plus years. Peace talk’s processes have been going on, but little hope has been seen because even the 1993 and 1995 Accord, which produced a glimmer hope, has faded away. Over these years of continued conflicts and fights many fundamental human rights of the people of Palestine (Coleman, 84). Owing to the fall of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War, the allied supreme council granted the Britain the mandates to rule over the states of the Transjordan and Palestine, which in present day is Israel. It was in August 1920 when it was officially allowed in the Treaty, which was signed. The Arab and Zionist were present at the conference, where they signed the agreement, but it was never implemented (Coleman, 50). The terms and borders, which were specified in the treaty, were not followed. The Eastern side was not supposed to be under any mandate. The idea was used by British to build an autonomous Arab territory under the mandate that partially Hussein was fulfilling. The British handed the mandate of the eastern side to Hashemite Dynasty from Hejaz region. The mandate of Transjordan was terminated in 1946 when it gained independence. The Palestinian nationalism started when reacted to the

Consumer Buying Behaviour: Chocolate

Consumer Buying Behaviour: Chocolate The project being a part of TY.B.B.A curriculum had to be carried out to obtain an outline of Business Research Methods (BRM) by conducting research based project in the organization. The research was conducted onconsumer buying behaviour while purchasing chocolate. Questionnaires were filled by the cusumers at the at the different places. Marketer. Consumer decides what to purchase, for whom to purchase, why to purchase, from where to purchase, and how much to purchase. In order to become a successful marketer, he must know the liking or disliking of the customers. He must also know the time and the quantity of goods and services, a consumer may purchase, so that he may store the goods or provide the services according to the likings of the consumers. Gone are the days when the concept of market was let the buyers beware or when the market was mainly the sellers market. Now the whole concept of consumers sovereignty prevails. The manufacturers produce and the sellers sell whatever the consumer likes. In this sense, consumer is the supreme in the market. As consumers, we play a very vital role in the health of the economy local, national or international. The decision we make concerning our consumption behavior affect the demand for the basic raw materials, for the transportation, for the banking, for the production; they effect the employment of workers and deployment of resources and success of some industries and failures of others. Thus marketer must understand this. Preference (or taste) is a concept, used in the social sciences, particularly economics. It assumes a real or imagined choice between alternatives and the possibility of rank ordering of these alternatives, based on happiness, satisfaction, gratification, enjoyment, utility they provide. More generally, it can be seen as a source of motivation. In cognitive sciences, individual preferences enable choice of objectives/goals. The study of the consumer preference not only focuses on how and why consumers make buying decision, but also focuses on how and why consumers make choice of the goods they buy and their evaluation of these goods after use. So for success of any company or product promotion it is very necessary to depart its concentration towards consumer preference. SCOPE OF THE STUDY As learning is a human activity and is as natural, as breathing. Despite of the fact that learning is all pervasive in our lives, psychologists do not agree on how learning takes place. How individuals learn is a matter of interest to marketers. They want to teach consumers in their roles as their roles as consumers. They want consumers to learn about their products, product attributes, potential consumers benefit, how to use, maintain or even dispose of the product and new ways of behaving that will satisfy not only the consumers needs, but the marketers objectives. The scope of my study restricts itself to the analysis of consumer preferences, perception and consumption of Cadbury and Nestle Chocolates. There are many other brands of chocolates available but my study is limited to two major players of chocolates leaving behind the others. The scope of my study is also restricts itself to Ambala region only. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The other objective is to know about the customer satisfaction level associated with the product and the customer preference level. To increase customer satisfaction and recapture the market share by fulfilling the customer needs. To study the factors affecting the consumption pattern. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY In attempt to make this project valid and reliable, every possible aspect of the topic Is kept in mind. Nevertheless, despite of fact constraints were at play during the Formulation of this project. The main limitations are as follows: Different people from different places were selected for the study. The sample size of surveyed was 300. The main source of data for the study was primary data with the help of questionnaires. People were cautious to disclose the true facts. COMPANY OVERVIEW OF CADBURY Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidy of Kraft Foods Inc. The combination of Kraft Foods and Cadbury creates a global powerhouse in snacks, confectionery and quick meals. With annual revenues of approximately $50 billion, the combined company is the worlds second largest food company, making delicious products for billions of consumers in more than 160 countries. We employ approximately 140,000 people and have operations in more than 70 countries. Modern Cadbury Factory In India, Cadbury began its operations in 1948 by importing chocolates. After 60 years of existence, it today has five company-owned manufacturing facilities at Thane, Induri (Pune) and Malanpur (Gwalior), Bangalore and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and 4 sales offices (New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkota and Chennai). The corporate office is in Mumbai. Our core purpose make today delicious captures the spirit of what we are trying to achieve as a business. We make delicious foods you can feel good about. Whether watching your weight or preparing to celebrate, grabbing a quick bite or sitting down to family night, we pour our hearts into creating foods that are wholesome and delicious. Currently, Cadbury India operates in four categories viz. Chocolate Confectionery, Milk Food Drinks, Candy and Gum category. In the Chocolate Confectionery business, Cadbury has maintained its undisputed leadership over the years. Some of the key brands in India are Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Perk, Éclairs and Celebrations. Cadbury enjoys a value market share of over 70% the highest Cadbury brand share in the world! Our billion-dollar brand Cadbury Dairy Milk is considered the gold standard for chocolates in India. The pure taste of CDM defines the chocolate taste for the Indian consumer. In the Milk Food drinks segment our main product is Bournvita the leading Malted Food Drink (MFD) in the country. Similarly in the medicated candy category Halls is the undisputed leader. We recently entered the gums category with the launch of our worldwide dominant bubble gum brand Bubbaloo. Bubbaloo is sold in 25 countries worldwide. Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, we have worked with the Kerala Agriculture University to undertake cocoa research and released clones, hybrids that improve the cocoa yield. Our Cocoa team visits farmers and advise them on the cultivation aspects from planting to harvesting. We also conduct farmers meetings seminars to educate them on Cocoa cultivation aspects. Our efforts have increased cocoa productivity and touched the lives of thousands of farmers. Hardly surprising then that the Cocoa tree is called the Cadbury tree! Today, as a combined company with an unmatched portfolio in confectionery, snacking and quick meals, we are poised in our leap towards quantum growth. We are the worlds No.1 Confectionery Company. And we will continue to make today delicious! CADBURY CELABERATION Cadbury Celebrations was aimed at replacing traditional gifting options like Mithai and dry- fruits during festive seasons. Cadbury Celebrations is available in several assortments: An assortment of chocolates like 5 Star, Perk, Gems, Dairy Milk and Nutties and rich dry fruits enrobed in Cadbury dairy milk chocolate in 5 variants, Almond magic, raisin magic, cashew magic, nut butterscotch and caramels. The super premium Celebrations Rich Dry Fruit Collection which is a festive offering is an exotic range of chocolate covered dry fruits and nuts in various flavours and the premium dark chocolate range which is exotic dark chocolate in luscious flavours. Cadbury Celebrations has become a popular brand on occasions such as Diwali, Rakhi, Dussera puja. It is also a major success as a corporate gifting brand. The communication is based on the emotional route and the tag line says rishte pakne do which fits with the brand purpose of strengthening your relationships with something sweet. 5 STAR Chocolate lovers for a quarter of a century have indulged their taste buds with a Cadbury 5 Star. A leading knight in the Cadbury portfolio and the second largest after Cadbury Dairy Milk with a market share of 14%, Cadbury 5 Star moves from strength to strength every year by increasing its user base. Launched in 1969 as a bar of chocolate that was hard outside with soft caramel nougat inside, Cadbury 5 Star has re-invented itself over the years to keep satisfying the consumers taste for a high quality different chocolate eating experience. One of the key properties that Cadbury 5 Star was associated with was its classic Gold colour. And through the passage of time, this was one property that both, the brand and the consumer stuck to as a valuable association. Cadbury 5 Star was always unique because of its format and any communication highlighting this uniqueness, went down well with the audiences. From deliciously rich, youd hate to share it in the 70s, to the lingering taste of togetherness Soft and Chewy 5 Star in the late 80s, the communication always paid homage to the product format. More recently, to give consumers another reason to come into the Cadbury 5 Star fold, Cadbury 5 Star Crunchy was launched. The same delicious Cadbury 5 Star was now available with a dash of rice crispies. Cadbury 5 Star Cadbury 5 Star Crunchy now aim to continue the upward trend. This different and delightfully tasty chocolate is well poised to rule the market as an extremely successful brand. DAIRY MILK The story of Cadbury Dairy Milk started way back in 1905 at Bournville, U.K., but the journey with chocolate lovers in India began in 1948. The pure taste of Cadbury Dairy Milk is the taste most Indians crave for when they think of Cadbury Dairy Milk. The variants Fruit Nut, Crackle and Roast Almond, combine the classic taste of Cadbury Dairy Milk with a variety of ingredients and are very popular amongst teens adults. Recently, Cadbury Dairy Milk Desserts was launched, specifically to cater to the urge for something sweet after meals. Cadbury Dairy Milk has exciting products on offer Cadbury Dairy Milk Wowie, chocolate with Disney characters embossed in it, and Cadbury Dairy Milk 2 in 1, a delightful combination of milk chocolate and white chocolate. Giving consumers an exciting reason to keep coming back into the fun filled world of Cadbury. Cadbury Dairy Milk has been the market leader in the chocolate category for years. And has participated and been a part of every Indians moments of happiness, joy and celebration. Today, Cadbury Dairy Milk alone holds 30% value share of the Indian chocolate market. In the early 90s, chocolates were seen as meant for kids, usually a reward or a bribe for children. In the Mid 90s the category was re-defined by the very popular `Real Taste of Life campaign, shifting the focus from `just for kids to the `kid in all of us. It appealed to the child in every adult. And Cadbury Dairy Milk became the perfect expression of spontaneity and shared good feelings. The Real Taste of Life campaign had many memorable executions, which people still fondly remember. However, the one with the girl dancing on the cricket field has remained etched in everyones memory, as the most spontaneous un-inhibited expression of happiness. This campaign went on to be awarded The Campaign of the Century, in India at the Abby (Ad Club, Mumbai) awards. In the late 90s, to further expand the category, the focus shifted towards widening chocolate consumption amongst the masses, through the Khanewalon Ko Khane Ka Bahana Chahiye campaign. This campaign built social acceptance for chocolate consumption amongst adults, by showcasing collective and shared moments. More recently, the Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye campaign associated Cadbury Dairy Milk with celebratory occasions and the phrase Pappu Pass Ho Gaya became part of street language. It has been adopted by consumers and today is used extensively to express joy in a moment of achievement / success. The interactive campaign for Pappu Pass Ho Gaya bagged a Bronze Lion at the prestigious Cannes Advertising Festival 2006 for Best use of internet and new media. The idea involved a tie-up with Reliance India Mobile service and allowed students to check their exam results using their mobile service and encouraged those who passed their examinations to celebrate with Cadbury Dairy Milk. Cement Industry: Environmental Changes Cement Industry: Environmental Changes Cement Industry Summary This report details the way in which the cement industry currently produces cement and outlines the reasons why it needs to be changed in order for it to have a lower less damaging effect on the environment as possible. This can be achieved by implementing new procedures in the process of manufacturing cement and also by using different materials in this process, all of these ideas and more are currently being implemented or are being developed for implementation in the near future by the cement industry and associated partners. Terms of reference This report is on an area of the UK construction industry that has a negative impact on the environment. This report was undertaken and focuses on the environmental impact that the production process of cement has on the environment in the UK and how the process in manufacturing cement is changing/developing for the future. The report show’s how the process of cement production was under taken and what steps have or are waiting to be implemented in the production of cement that will be less damaging to the UK environment. This report was created in November of 2007 for Phil Harris, lecturer at Wolverhampton University for Environmental Science in construction. What is Cement? Cement is the second most consumed substance in the world, and is second only to water consumption. A brief history of Portland cement sees that it was invented and produced in the UK in 1824 by an English bricklayer named Joseph Aspdin. He found that by Burning limestone and clay together at incredible heat (approx than 2700 degrees Fahrenheit) it made the two minerals fuse together. Once this newly created material was cool enough it was then ground down into a fine ash, this newly created substance could then be mixed with water and the resulting substance that when allowed to set, would be as hard as the Portland stone that gave it its name. This article appeared in the Guardian on Thursday May 11 2006 on p1 of the technology section. What do we use Cement for? Cement is one of the single most important materials relied upon in the world, without cement we would not be able to build houses, roads, bridges and other public structures that cement products help to build. We need cement to produce concrete; concrete is basically a mixture of two components: aggregates and paste. The paste is usually composed of Portland cement and water, and when mixed together it binds the fine and coarse aggregates together. A typical mix is about 10 to 15% cement, 60 to 75% sand/aggregate, 10 to 20% water and 5 to 8% air. The production process of cement. The manufacturing of cement is still one of the most energy consuming processes that is under taken in the world today. But a lot of development has and still is taking place within the cement manufacturing industry with a view to meeting the government targets of reducing the amount of greenhouse gases produced per tonne of cement manufactured. â€Å"Cement is said to be one of the most environmentally hazardous materials in the world, adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than the entire weight of the global airline industry† – quote from the Guardian Newspaper. Most of the stages in the manufacturing of cement have a negative impact on the environment, and this report highlights those direct and indirect effects, and how the future of cement manufacturing will continue to implement new methods of manufacturing to reduce the negative effects on the environment. The first stage in manufacturing cement is to obtain the raw materials from a quarry; the raw materials are then crushed usually 2 or 3 times to approx 3† or less and then fed into a kiln in a dry state. The raw materials are then heated up to approx 2700 degrees F in large steel rotary cylinder, which is lined with a special heat resistant brick. Kilns are usually at least 12 feet in diameter and mounted on a slight incline. The finely ground raw material is then fed into the higher end of the kiln and at the lower end you have a roaring flame being applied and controlled very precisely, usually produced by coal, oil or gas with a controlled amount of forced draft. As the process flow continues through the kiln gas elements are burned off and the remaining elements form a new substance called a â€Å"clinker† these are in the form of small marble type shapes. Clinkers are discharged from the lower end of the kiln and brought down to a manageable temperature by means of various types of coolers. The coolers do however at this stage help towards reducing Co2 emissions by saving fuel by returning the hot air emitted from the cooling clinkers back into the cylindrical kiln as part of the controlled air used to sustain the flame used. Co2 emissions and cement production What is Co2? â€Å"Carbon dioxide is a colourless gas that makes up a minor part of the earth’s atmosphere – approximately three parts in 10,000. It is formed in the decay of materials, the respiration of plant and animal life, and the natural and human-induced combustion of carbon-based materials and fuels.† Quote from Ecosmartconcrete.com What is the role of Co2 in the Earth’s atmosphere? Carbon dioxide is one of a number of naturally occurring greenhouse gases (others include water vapour, methane, and nitrous oxide) that keep the Earth warm enough to support life. These gas molecules absorb much of the sun’s energy that is re-radiated by the Earth’s surface, and reflect this energy back to the Earth as heat. The gas molecules function like an insulating blanket, or like glass panes of a greenhouse, transmitting sunlight but holding in heat – hence the term â€Å"greenhouse gases.† Quote from Ecosmartconcrete.com The link between cement production and Co2 production is quite apparent as studies have been carried out by scientists who have concluded that there are a variety of human activities that are producing greenhouse gases such as Co2. One such activity is the production of cement which is one of the main contributors to the greenhouse effect due to the high amount of Co2 being produced during manufacturing. The traditional Portland cement based concrete is the UK’s backbone of the built environment and production of this cement is needed to keep up with the rapid population growth which in turn then lead’s to an increase in production of cement. This is due partly to an increase in the housing requirements of the public and associated buildings that are required by the general public to sustain a comfortable life style. Conclusion What is required within the cement manufacturing industry are some lower energy consuming cements that give of less carbon emissions during manufacturing to be developed and take over where the traditional cements left off. If this cannot be done then the negative effects that are currently damaging the environment will only continue to develop and have greater detrimental effect on the planet. There are a number of developing technologies coming through at the moment and these are produced using various different materials for use in the building industry. One of these new product’s is called Ceramicrete which is a lighter foam-based concrete which according to there makers is twice as strong as the concrete’s we currently use so builders use less of it hence the better it is for the environment! The only negatives known about this new product is that it is more expensive than traditional concrete and it needs to be subjected to further testing to establish it’s long-term structural suitability and environmental performance before it can be promoted on a wider scale. There are a number of other cements currently in production that are also worth exploring as they are less energy dependant during manufacturing and emit less carbon dioxide than traditional Portland cement these are†¦ Magnesium oxide-based cements CSA-belite cements Eco-cements based on municipal solid waste incinerator ash. Magnesium oxide-based cements Magnesium oxide based cements are quite a recent development in such that they haven’t been mass produced and have only had small commercial quantities made to produce non structural products such as concrete bricks, blocks and pavers. The magnesium oxide is produced by heating magnesium carbonate as a mineral magnesite, to a temperature of around 650  °C. A quantity of CO2 is given off during this process. In comparison, Portland cement which is based on calcium oxide and has to be produced by firstly heating calcium carbonate (limestone) to approx 900  °C, again with CO2 as a by product. At this stage in the process, the quantity of CO2 released is less than that from an equivalent mass of magnesium carbonate but the calcium oxide, plus other ingredients then has to be heated to 1450  °C to produce the final product a â€Å"clinker†. This other process is accompanied by more CO2 being emitted during the whole process, with the resulting CO2 being much greater than that emitted during the production of the same quantity of magnesite. So at first glance magnesium oxide-based cements look like a better solution than continuing with Portland cement manufacturing in the UK but in practice manufacture is dependent on the availability of the basic raw material and its proximity to a production facility but regrettably the raw material found in abundance in mainland Australia and Tasmania, is very rare in the UK where there are no significant deposits in UK suitable. Therefore, as a minimum, there would be a significant increase in traffic movements required to transport the raw material to existing kilns, with consequent environmental impacts. CSA-belite cements This type of cement has been successfully used on industrial scale throughout china for about 20 years; it is made by heating/sintering industrial wastes such as coal fly ash, gypsum and limestone at 1200 – 1250 °C in rotary kilns Compared with Portland cement the energy savings are quoted as being approx as high as 25%, along with limestone reductions of 60 % together with a reduction in CO2 emissions of approx 20%. At first glance, CSA-belite cements could be manufactured in the UK, as there is no technical process or supply issues to be dealt with in regards of their production. However, much applied research and many pilot studies would be needed to verify that local materials and existing plant could produce consistent high quality product before manufacturers in the UK would take it on. Eco-cements based on municipal solid waste incinerator ash Eco-cements are currently being manufactured in Japan, they are based on the traditional Portland cement in as such that they are processed in much the same way as traditional Portland cement but approx 50% of the content has been replaced by municipal solid waste incinerator ash (MSWIA), and the fossil-fuels used for heating purposes have been replaced by waste products such as oil and non recyclable plastics. MSWIA eco-cement use less energy as well as ‘clinkering’ takes place at 1350 °C as apposed to 1450 °C. But for a few exceptions eco-cements are virtually indistinguishable from Portland cement and consequently have very much the same properties, performance. There would seem to be no obvious technical barriers to production in the UK. However, manufacture would be dependent on the availability of MSWIA and its location to existing cement works. Currently, this is in short and irregular supply in the UK but even if this were not to be the case, public perception issues might arise about the process of manufacturing, so the likelihood of producing a familiar Portland cement by this process is at present very unlikely. References Bibliography BCA – British cement Association, Carbon Strategy (2005) [online]. http://www.cementindustry.co.uk/sustainability/our_sustainability_agenda/carbon_strategy.aspx BCA – British cement Association, cement (no date) [online]. http://www.cementindustry.co.uk/cement.aspx BCA – British cement Association, concrete (no date) [online]. http://www.cementindustry.co.uk/section_6.aspx BCA – British cement Association, Sustainable Development Task Force Report (2005) [online]. http://www.cementindustry.co.uk/sustainability/our_sustainability_agenda/sd_task_force.aspx BCA – British cement Association, Sustainable Development Task Force Report (2005) [online]. http://www.cementindustry.co.uk/key_issues/industry_regulation/cement_sector_plan.aspx Bye, G, C. (1999) Portland Cement: Composition, Production and Properties 2Rev Ed edition. Thomas Telford Ltd Dodson, S. (11th May 2006) A cracking alternative to cement. The Guardian Newspaper, p1. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2006/may/11/guardianweeklytechnologysection.carbonemissions EcoSmart, cement production and the CO2 challenge (no date) [online]. http://www.ecosmartconcrete.com/enviro_cement.cfm EcoSmart, CO2 emissions (no date) [online]. http://www.ecosmartconcrete.com/enviro_co2.cfm Topliss, S. Hurst, M. Skarratt, G. (2007) Construction: Building Services Engineering Civil Engineering. Scotprint, Haddington, Scotland, UK

Haack On Fuzzy Logic Essay -- Haack Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Haack On Fuzzy Logic ABSTRACT: Much of the progress in modern logic beyond Aristotle is due to the invention of a precise and powerful formalism, and this is why Haack is reluctant to weaken it. What motivates her to regard deviant and fuzzy logic as extensions rather than rivals of classical logic is its demonstrated capacity for refinement and progress. Thus she sharply distinguishes between a logic dealing with fuzzy concepts (she accepts), and one which is itself fuzzy, i.e., where "true" and "false" cease to be precise concepts (she rejects). While it is often more convenient to retain as much as possible of classical logic because of its simplicity and familiarity, there is nothing in the hermeneutical view of logic to render it immune from revision. Yet to treat logic as a canon of interpretation conflicts with Haack's idea of what logic is and does. L.A. Zadeh who introduced the term "fuzzy logic" reserves it for the result of a second stage of fuzzification, motivated by the idea that "true" and "false" are themselves vague: a family of systems in which the indenumerably many values of truth values of the base logic are superseded by denumerably many fuzzy truth values, true, false, very true, fairly true, not very true, etc. For fuzzy logic, Zadeh tells us, such traditional concerns as approximation, proof procedures, etc. are "peripheral" because fuzzy logic is not just logic of fuzzy concepts, but is logic, which is itself fuzzy. (1) Susan Haack criticizes Zadeh on the grounds that fuzzy logic is not well motivated, since truth does not come in degrees. Inevitably some will protest that fuzzy logic is working, and so that her distaste for it can only be an expression of a Fregean prejudice. But she claims that i... ...ic Justification of a Conceptual Notation," 1882/translation by Bynum T. Ward in Gottlob Frege: Conceptual Notation and Related Articles, Oxford: Claredon Press 1982, p. 86. (6) F.S.C. Schiller, Formal Logic, A Scientific and Social Problem, London: Macmillan 1912, p. 8. (7) Haack, p. 233. (8) R. Carnap, Logical Foundations of Probability, Chicago: Chicago University Press 1950. (9) Haack, p. 233. (10) ibid. p. 234. (11) L.A. Zadeh and R.E. Bellman, "Local and Fuzzy Logics," in M. Dunn and G. Epstein, Eds, Modern Uses of Multiple-Value Logics, Dordrecht: Reidel 1977, pp. 106-107. (12) Haack, p. 236. (13) ibid. p. 237. (14) L.A. Zadeh, "A Fuzzy-Algorithm Approach to the Definition of Complex or Imprecise Concepts," International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 1976 vol.8 p.269n. (15) Haack, p.238. (16) ibid. p. 240. (17) ibid. p. 242.

Should changes be made to the regulations for foods, served in public schools?

Should changes be made to the regulations for foods, served in public schools? The topic selected is should changes be made to the regulations for foods which are served in public schools. This topic is selected because of two reasons, first, education is the base of development on each level, whether it is on individual level, social level, economic level, or at national level. The second reason is, Government has opened public schools to provide education at minimum or no cost to the students and they also provide free or lost cost meal to them to make sure that they get the minimum calories to have a healthy body and sound mind. But the food served is generally not of a quality standard and that is why we often come across some news or the other about the degraded food quality. So the topic was selected to know more about the same. Thesis statement: Food leads to healthy mind and body, healthy mind and body leads to education, Education leads to development. Which means ultimately a healthy food can lead to development. So it is very important to eat well. National school lunch program: It is a federally assisted program of meal being operated in either nonprofit private schools or public schools and residential child care centers. The purpose of this meal program is to provide a low-cost of free meal to the kids of schools so that they maintain a balanced nutritional diet along with study. This program was started under National School Lunch Act, which was duly signed by President Harry Truman in 1946. The three major characteristics of my audience are, first, they are a mass of people and a mass of people can lead to change in decisions; second, the current view on this topic and third is awareness. Now the question which needs to be answered is do we need a change? If the answer is yes, then the time is now. Free meal or low-cost meal does not mean a low quality or limited quality and quantity of food materials. If the nutrition is not reached up to minimum level also then what is the use of giving free or low-cost meals to the students. Scope of study: The scope of this study is to find out the meals menu served, the minimum nutrition it gives to the students, the changes which it might need etc. Research design: The research design which can be used in this project is exploratory research design and Descriptive research design. Exploratory reveals all the Who, What, When, Why and How of the topic and it defines the problem. Descriptive research design is that research which describes the problem and finds a solution. Mode of data collection: Survey can be the best mode of data collection. It will include a questionnaire and some personal interviews. This will give the primary data. For secondary data, we will have to find out the old surveys done on this topic. Internet can be the best place to find secondary data. Sample: The sample for this project can be the schools or the private organizations which opts for free meal or low-cost meal. The teachers, the students etc can be the sample. The sample size will depend upon the availability of time and money for this project. Data Analysis: The data got from the primary and secondary survey can be analyzed using different statical tools to come to a certain result. Conclusion: This project is about the research that should there be a change in the meal provided at public schools or of the non-profit private schools. As the meal provided is generally not at par with the standard of the food quality approved by nutritionists so it needs to be changes. The foods do not contain fresh fruits, green vegetables, pulses or right amount of any nutrition filled foods so it is required to change the menu as differently as it can be so that proper nutrition can be given.References: H. Nanci, (1/25/2012), Government requires more fruits, veggies for school lunches, USA TODAY, retrieve from * http://yourlife.usatoday.com/fitness-food/diet-nutrition/story/2012-01-25/Government-requires-more-fruits-veggies-for-school-lunches/52779404/1 B.  Karen  Wednesday, (Jan. 26, 2011), Parents, Principals Don't Like School Lunch Rules, Time U.S., retrieve from *

Nam June Paik Video Innovations essays

Nam June Paik Video Innovations essays Nam June Paik was born in Seoul, Korea on July 20, 1932. He was the fifth and youngest child of a textile merchant. In 1947, at the age of 14, he studied piano and composition with two of Korea's foremost composers. The family moved to Tokyo, Japan in 1950 to avoid the havoc of the Korean War. Paik studied music, history, art history, and philosophy at the University of Tokyo from 1953 to 1956. He did his graduate dissertation on Schoenberg. In 1956, he moved to Germany to pursue his interest in avant-garde music. He studied music history under Thrasybulos Georgiades at the University of Munich and composition under Wolfgang Fortner at the Hochschule fr Musik. He also attended classes under Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luigi Nono, David Tudor, and John Cage. Paik lived in Cologne for the next five years and then returned to Japan for a short time to conduct experiments with electromagnets and color TV sets. In 1964, Paik moved to New York and still resides there today. While he lived in Korea, Paik had become familiar with the work of Schoenberg. Paik was interested in Schoenberg above all others because of his radical compositions. They reflected the social atmosphere of Seoul at the time. In 1947, Paik had only one piece of Schoenbergs work. It took Paik two years to convince a record shop owner to let him listen to what was probably the only Schoenberg record in Korea. Paik had only two compositions by which to judge his guru. Then one day in Japan, in 1951, Paik heard a third piece on NHK Radio. Another of Paiks great influences was John Cage, whom he met in Germany. Meeting Cage, a student of Schoenberg, was a turning point in Paiks life. Paiks piece Zen for Film was definitely influenced by Cages 4 33, the silent piece. Cage was devoted to sounds, but Paik was devoted to objects, yet Cages influence is evident in all of Paik...

Free Essays on Tragedy In Life Is Beautiful And This Way For The Gas Ladies And Gentlemen

Tragedy is a reappearing character throughout â€Å"Life is beautiful† and â€Å"This way for the gas, ladies and gentlemen.† Even though both Benigni, and Borowski use their own diverse style to approach the issue of the holocaust. In â€Å"life is beautiful† Benigni uses Guidos family to represent values and how they are represented during the holocaust. He does not use vivid images nor do you see any grotesque images. One can beven suggest that he eased the events in his film. While Borowski uses his vivid descriptions to animate the story and capture the reader with his powerful use of imagery. A clear and powerful description of the holocaust and concentration camps could be established from the story. It is not unusual to say that both works deal with the same issue from two totally different sides. â€Å"This way for the gas, ladies and gentlemen† offers vivid descriptions of conditions in the concentration camps during the holocaust; the brutality towards the Jews can be conceived throughout the whole story. â€Å"Heads push though the windows, mouths gasp frantically for air. They draw a few breaths, then disappear; others come in their place, then also disappear. The cries and moans grow louder.† Death is another tragic character in the story; its presence is constantly felt throughout the scenery. â€Å"We climb inside. In the corners amid human excrement and abandoned wrist-watches lie squatted, trampled infants, naked little monsters with enormous heads and bloated bellies. We carry them out like chickens, holding several in each hand† This horrible scene of the narrator carrying out the children further succumbs the horrible atmosphere of the story. This story uses its gory description to capture the audience’s attention, not to keep the read er enthusiastic about reading the story but to enlighten him/her of the situation that went on during those times. We do not see the narrator ease at anytime with his accurate descri... Free Essays on Tragedy In Life Is Beautiful And This Way For The Gas Ladies And Gentlemen Free Essays on Tragedy In Life Is Beautiful And This Way For The Gas Ladies And Gentlemen Tragedy is a reappearing character throughout â€Å"Life is beautiful† and â€Å"This way for the gas, ladies and gentlemen.† Even though both Benigni, and Borowski use their own diverse style to approach the issue of the holocaust. In â€Å"life is beautiful† Benigni uses Guidos family to represent values and how they are represented during the holocaust. He does not use vivid images nor do you see any grotesque images. One can beven suggest that he eased the events in his film. While Borowski uses his vivid descriptions to animate the story and capture the reader with his powerful use of imagery. A clear and powerful description of the holocaust and concentration camps could be established from the story. It is not unusual to say that both works deal with the same issue from two totally different sides. â€Å"This way for the gas, ladies and gentlemen† offers vivid descriptions of conditions in the concentration camps during the holocaust; the brutality towards the Jews can be conceived throughout the whole story. â€Å"Heads push though the windows, mouths gasp frantically for air. They draw a few breaths, then disappear; others come in their place, then also disappear. The cries and moans grow louder.† Death is another tragic character in the story; its presence is constantly felt throughout the scenery. â€Å"We climb inside. In the corners amid human excrement and abandoned wrist-watches lie squatted, trampled infants, naked little monsters with enormous heads and bloated bellies. We carry them out like chickens, holding several in each hand† This horrible scene of the narrator carrying out the children further succumbs the horrible atmosphere of the story. This story uses its gory description to capture the audience’s attention, not to keep the read er enthusiastic about reading the story but to enlighten him/her of the situation that went on during those times. We do not see the narrator ease at anytime with his accurate descri...

Intelligent building Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Intelligent building - Assignment Example Its potential will initially be showcased via the 10-megawatt solar park at Masdar City in Abu Dhabi as it started development in May 2010. It will be able to supply Masdar City with 17,500 megawatt-hours annually. This paper will try to discuss what made Madar City innovative in its 21st century sustainable economy campaign as well as carbon neutral town. It will also provide an ideal eco-city or better model based on the Masdar City goal. Discussion Masdar City Masdar City is a planned carbon-neutral and zero-waste town in Abu Dhabi (Appendix A), a federate state of the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi has abundant hydrocarbon resources that generates up to 70% of its gross domestic product or GDP. The emirate owns about 95% of the United Arab Emirates oil resources. Abu Dhabi started its policy on the promotion of renewable energy through the Masdar initiative in 2006. Masdar City is its focus to develop a carbon-neutral town (Reiche, 2009) with a targeted realisation by 2016. Alre ady by that time, the population will be about 90,000 composed of 40,000 residents and 50,000 daily commuters. Masdar is a 212,000 square metres or 55 acres development with more than 87,000 solar modules. It uses 50% thin film from First Solar and 50% crystalline from Suntech. As mentioned earlier, it produces some 17,500 MWh of electricity per year and offsets about 15,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions per year (Asian Solar, 2009). In contrast, the UAE requires 6,600 MW or about $5,000m (Asian Solar, 2009). Aside from the solar power plant, Masdar City will also develop the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology with focus on information technology, water and environment, engineering systems and management, materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering, amongst others (Reiche, 2009). It targeted to open by fall of 2009. Masdar also is geared towards attracting some 1500 technological companies engaged in sustainable energy. It helps that Masdar is a free zone, which mean t that companies maybe 100% foreign owned, zero taxes and zero import tariffs (Reiche 2009). To start achieving its goals, the local government of Abu Dhabi has already offered the International Renewable Energy Agency of IRENA to be host of its headquarters, which was accepted. IRENA was founded in Germany with 114 country-members, and it is the first international organization to base in the Middle East. IRENA was granted by the Abu Dhabi government $135 million for its incubation period, and additional $50 million yearly to fund IRENA-endorsed projects in developing countries for a succession of seven years (The National, 2009). The purposes of developing Masdar City are many, but mainly to diversify economy of Abu Dhabi. Its economy is currently dependent on exporting fossil fuel and the government’s leadership is preparing for the depletion of fossil fuel source as well as making its businesses competitive. The goal is to â€Å"transition from a 20th Century, carbon-bas ed economy into a 21st Century sustainable economy,† (Masdar, 2009, 1). It hopes to use its oil wealth to lead a renewable energy economy (Reiche, 2009).

Creative workplace - Is the 'studio' still important in the world of Essay

Creative workplace - Is the 'studio' still important in the world of Design - Essay Example Then, along came the virtual revolution and now designers of all kinds, hobbyists and housewives, students and retirees, the wealthy and the poor can harness the tremendous resources of online studio space and creative software to accomplish what used to require a warehouse or loft flat hybrid. This paper will review relevant literature to explore the question of how important the studio is, given the availability of virtual resources; under what conditions the non-virtual studio is or is not required, how the present-day shift to online creative space will likely effect the industry, and more importantly for me, personally, whether I yearn for a future (real) studio of my own? The first point it seems wise to make, in this paper, is that not all design studios are or should be alike. Actually, Dorgan differentiates between â€Å"space† and â€Å"place†, saying that space is uninhabited, abstract and open to all potentiality, while place is negotiated within space, and is defined in a specific way by the communication and action meanings that take place (Dorgan 2). A design studio is the inhabitation and negotiation of space into place (3). A studio is social and densely interactive; political and functionally negotiating (4) and is activist, transforming circumstances with intention (5). The studio is where we begin to shape our imagination toward transformation (15). I see that each of these characteristics can happen both in physical space and in virtual space, suggesting that studio place can be successfully negotiated in either one. The collage below, Figure 1, shows a sampling of various design studios. The collage below that one, Figure 2, shows a sampling of graphic design studios. Even a casual glance immediately registers an impression that, while many design studios attend to material storage and the mood induced by artistic physical environments, graphic design studios rely primarily on computer