Morality The Basis Of Morality - 1586 Words

Philosophy Essay 2 TOPIC ONE: THE BASIS OF MORALITY The basis of morality has been major area of discussion for philosophers for many years. In The Leviathan, Hobbes argues that desire and aversion determine what is good, evil, right or wrong, believing in a subjective self-interest based view on morality. In The Grounding of Metaphysics of Morals, Kant takes a rational approach, arguing that it is reason that plays a role in determining the same, thus having an objective view on morality. In my opinion, Hobbes’ account has greater validity than Kant’s in the fact that I believe it is human passion that dictates morality. Hobbes believes that morality is based upon the laws of nature. He sees humans as machines and describes the natural universe as a mechanical system. According to him, two motions occur in living beings; vital and voluntary. Vital motions are innate, taking place unconsciously whereas voluntary motions are resultant of conscious motions. Hobbes believes voluntary motions to form due to thought and imagination; calling this process endeavour. It is endeavour that leads to desires and aversion. Human desires are endless and we pursue them until the time of our death. This leads us to Hobbes’ view on the natural state of humans. He believes that without a common power to govern them, men are in a condition of war. In this state, all men are other men’s enemies. This brings rise to the idea ‘Everyone is governed by his own reason†¦in preserving his life againstShow MoreRelated A Basis for Morality Essay2815 Words   |  12 PagesA Basis for Morality In humanitys quest to distinguish itself from the rest of the animal world, a claim to morality has long been one of its greatest arguments. Perhaps second only to reason as a distinguishing characteristic, the ability to exhibit moral behavior instills in humans a distinct sense of natural order. 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Introduction to Business Law Cases and Materials

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Business Law for Cases and Materials. Answer: Issue Wendy has entered into what appears to be an agreement with Dave that upon completion of the run within an hour he will pay her $3000. On the other hand she meets her old friend Bill who promises her that he will cater for the expense of running shoes or clothes incase she needed them . Wendy acquires the clothes and shoes and participated in the run to finish in 58 minutes. Wendy claims her rewards from the two people above but her efforts come to naught. The issue for determination that is presented here is whether there was an intention to create a legal relationship in the two agreements. Law From the outset it should be noticed that there are two relationships here. One seems to be a commercial agreement that is between Dave and Wendy and the other one actually a social relationship between two friends. According to Carter and Harland (1998) the litmus test for determining the intention of the parties has always been determined by the rebuttal presumption. In social agreements the presumption is that the parties do not always intend to be legally bound by the agreement (Balfor v Balfour 1919). In Jones v Padavatton, (1969) a mother promised her daughter that she will pay her if she gives up her job and went to London to study for the bar. It was held that the agreement was a family agreement and therefore there was no intention to be legally bound. Of particular significance is the fact that the court, mentioned that there was no sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption that an intention to be legally bound did not exist. It is apparent from foregoing assertions that if sufficient evidence is adduced to rebut the presumption in family agreement then an intention can be found to exist in a family agreement (Esso Petroleum v Customs Excise, 1976). In commercial agreements the presumptions that usually exists is that the parties intend to be legally bound. In Edwards v Skyways Ltd (1964) the defendants had promised that they will make a payment with an ex gratia amount and even went to publish the promise in the newspaper. The claimant who was a pilot never received the extra amount that was promised because the company claimed that they had rescinded their decision. It was held that there was no sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption that the intention to be legally bound existed. It is imperative to note that the court have since developed a modern approach towards determining the intention of the parties which appears to be extinguishing the rebuttable presumption test. A more persuasive approach has been entrenched by Australian jurisprudence where Gray v Gray (2004) there was a loan agreement between a mother and son the courts were reluctant to apply the rebuttable resumption. They stated that an objective test should be applied on a case to case basis depending ion the facts of each case. In Tadrous v Tadrous (2010) it was held that an objective examination should be done to determine whether the parties intended to be legally bound or the agreement was just an expression of love and trust. In Ashton v Pratt (2012) the court held that one should look at the subject matter of agreement , why the agreement was being made and the personal relationship of the parties at the time of making the agreement. The courts in aforementioned three cases entirely avoided the use of rebuttable presumption test in determining the intention of parties in a social agreement. Application It can be submitted that the relationship between Wendy and Bill was a social agreement and therefore by applying the test provided above it will indeed be an uphill battle for Bill to rebut the presumption that that an intention to be legally bound did not exist. However if the objective test that was set in in this case it will be discovered that Wendy went through a lot of expenses to acquire the pair of shoes and clothes and therefore Bill is bound to meet the agreement. In Wakeling v Ripley (1951) it was held that in determining the intention of the parties consideration has to be placed on expense that was involved in coming to perform the promise. It can thus be firmly stated that the agreement between Wendy and Bill is a binding one. As for the agreement between Wendy and Dave, there seems to be no legal intention because by Wendy stating that thanks that sounds generous the assertions are vague and do not amount to a certain acceptance of the offer made by offer. Rebutting the presumption will not be an onerous task as is typical of commercial agreements. Conclusion It is thus advised to Dave he does not have any legal obligations towards Wendy because from the agreement, an intention to be legally bound did not exist. On the other hand with regards to Bill, it is advised that the financial sacrifice that Wendy made incepted an intention to be legally bound. 2. Issue Dani wanted her Mercedes car upholstery to be restored to its original pristine condition and after being fascinated by Vintage upholsters that she in the web she decided to give them her car. Contrary to her expectation at the end of the work the car was in worse condition than she left it and it was seriously damage. She has discovered that there is a clause in the contract that excluded the upholsters from liability. The issue here is whether the exclusion clause is valid and whether there has been any breach of terms by the upholsters. Law The general principle in law is that the contracting parties are bound by the terms of the contract when they signed it regardless of whether one read and understood the terms of the contract. (L'Estrange v Graucob, 1934) However where a term in a contract seeks to oppress one party in a contract the party is usually protected by common law from such unfair terms. It is submitted that the exclusion clause or term must be brought to the attention of the party before the contract was formed or at the time it was being formed (Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking, 1971). Thus it has been held that a party who is seeking to enforce an unfair term must demonstrate that they provided sufficient notice of the term to the other party (Thompson v LMS Railway 1930). In addition, if the operation of the clause is seriously onerous to the other party, it must be demonstrated that far reaching steps were undertaken to bring the terms to the attention of the other party (Interfoto Picture Library v Stilletto, 1989). It should be borne in mind that where a term in the contract was misrepresented by one party, the clause will have no legal effect to the party it was misrepresented to (Curtis v Chemical Cleaning, 1951). From the aforementioned assertions, it begs the critical question whether an exclusion clause can justify the breach of an implied condition in a contract. A condition is a fundamental term of the contract that goes to the root of the contract. An implied condition is one that is not expressly mentioned in the contract but due to the nature of the promise made between the contracting parties it is expected that the contract will be performed in a certain way (Beale 2004). It has been held that a breach of a condition will entitle the in nocent party an award of damages and also the right to repudiate the contract (Poussard v Spiers, 1876). The innominate term approach which was established in Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha (1962) is to the effect that where a breach of the term of the contract substantially denies the innocent party a benefit of the contract the contract can be treated as to have ended and the innocent party can claim damages (Benson 2001). Application It can be conceded that the upholsters had made reasonable steps in ensuring that contract exclusion clause which is deemed unfair was brought to the attention of the Dani. The term was conspicuously put in every reasonable place that one can see. However it should be noted that on entering the place Dani read a poster that assured her that the staff were highly qualified and that the end result is manifest of quality work. It can be inferred that there was a misrepresentation of terms in the contract and therefore the clause will not be operative. The breach of the implied condition that the work will be one that is presentable will entitle Dani an award for damages for the loss and serious damage that was made on her car. Dani could also repudiate the contract. Conclusion It can be concluded that the upholsters will be liable in this case and Dani will have to be given compensatory damages to restore her in the position the car was before the damage caused by the repairs occurred. References Ashton v Pratt [2012] NSWSC 3 Beale, H 2004, Chitty on Contracts, Sweet Maxwell Benson, P, 2001, The Theory of Contract Law: New Essays Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Carter J, W, Harland, D, J 1998, Cases and materials on contract law in Australia, Butterworths Curtis v Chemical Cleaning [1951] 1 KB 805 Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 Esso Petroleum v Customs Excise [1976] 1 WLR 1 Gray v Gray [2004] NSWCA 408 Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26 Interfoto Picture Library v Stilletto [1989] QB 433 Jones v Padavatton [1969] 2 All ER 616 L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 Poussard v Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410 Tadrous v Tadrous [2010] NSWSC 1388 Thompson v LMS Railway [1930] 1 KB 41 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 WLR 585

Cultural Globalization Essay Example

Cultural Globalization Essay The first question entails an indents look at the Exportability of global markets where issues such as the relationship between national culture and the film industry are explored. There will also be a description of cultural globalization s a two-way street then the focus will shift to certain film genres doing better in some cultures than in others. The second question will explicate a scenario about a South African international motorbike manufacturing company that seeks to import motorbikes Nebulas Gal . GAL to Nigeria. This will demonstrate in detail how environmental factors such as economic, cultural, political and demographic environment will affect the Integrated Marketing Communication (MIMIC) for the product to penetrate the Nigerian market. QUESTION 1 1. 1 The relationship between national culture and the film industry Diane Breather-Boucher on her article is quoting Anderson (1983) who sees the role of the media as a prominent social processes through which a shared public conception is created. She notes that films have been seen as an important part Of a national culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Globalization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Globalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Globalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One other salient point from the findings on her study is a narrative by Front who argues that both the nation and cinema exist through mechanisms of projection, with each form coming into its full development in the twentieth century. This common nature, as well as their shared chronological placement, means that, in practical terms, cinema has en its fate as tightly tied to the substance of nations When coming to the South African context, since the advent of democracy the country has had a vibrant, growing film industry that is growing in reputation and is competitive internationally. South African classic films like Sardinian, Tootsie, the Leon Shutters films, Yogi yogi and Copies like Moving, Generations are different genres which have become part of the South African culture and national identity. Local and foreign filmmakers are also taking advantage of the countrys diverse cultures and unique locations as well as low production costs and favorable exchange rate, which make it cheaper to make a movie here than in Europe or the United States to tell our stories to the world. 31 page 1. 2 Describing cultural globalization as a two-way street. On her research Diane Breather-Boucher concludes by suggesting that the best metaphor would be of cultural globalization as a two-way street, but a two-way street in which different rules of the road apply depending on whether the vehicle (Type of media carrying the culture, e. G films) is traveling to or from the United States. This conclusion was drawn from her earlier findings on comedy which was demonstrated to be traveling on a two way street, but predominantly in one direction, from the major Hollywood studios outward. Diane Breather-Boucher further quotes If (2006), who suggests that the united States owes its export dominance to three overall pattern of intervening variables which involves sharing a culture and/or heritage with producer countries which means that films from countries like France and England are more likely to be represented in the United States. The Nations level of economic development is another pattern mentioned by If and this means that with greater development, there is increasing audience demand for a more diversified sources for film imports. And one other pattern is also mediated by region, with films of a non-SIS industry more likely to do well in neighboring nations than elsewhere, This If makes an example of the cartoon comedy Castrig and BobLiz films which have done very well outside of France in Europe, largely because European audiences are very familiar with the comic book series but have performed poorly in the United States due to the unfamiliarity of the US audience with the characters and also, possibly, a elegance of distributors to take on films suggesting political parallels between Imperial Rome and the United States. Coming to the African continent, one can also conclude that there is also a two-way street because of many African countries having access to internet and a growing but thriving film industry in the continent. Expatriates from Nigeria in South Africa for example, brought along their culture through films and as a results there are even dedicated TV stations and program that broadcast Nigerian films and content which are watched by a huge number of South African. As with the French and US industries, the rules apply fervently on the two-way street between the South African and the Nigerian film industry. 1. Certain film genres doing better in some cultures than in others The numbers on the top US box office films (2006) also appearing on top French box office (2006 or 2007), by genre provided on Diane Breather-Vouchers research indicates that adventure films and animation are more popular in France than comedy or Drama/Musical. This can be attributed to several factors such as plotting, performance, technical quality, as well as marketing strategies. Other factors such as tie-in to a pre-existing cultural product also lays a role. This can be seen on Hollywood movies which depicts South African stories but features lead American actors. This has also been seen by some Of the major Hollywood studios Once closely identified with American 41 page values and society, joining forces in a variety of ventures with studios like Plywood which according to the article by Diane Breather-Boucher will include the investment of some $500 million by the Indian conglomerate Reliance DAD Group in Steven Spielberg Trademarks, meaning that Spielberg recognized that Drama/Animation is has a huge market and he will ii-in to a pre-existing Indian culture when he produces some of his films. A countrys culture, religion, language and customs determines the popularity of a certain Hollywood genres in particular countries. Hollywood action movies turn to be more popular in non English speaking countries because they have less vocabulary and more action. American OF movies are about war while OF movies produced by Boldly/add are about love. Tyler Perrys movies revolves around Christian values, life lesson, romantic comedy and turn to appeal more to Christian countries , while National Basely National movies re based on Islamic values, contraindicative, romantic and they turn to appeal and be watched more by Islamic countries. QUESTION 2 2 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS: According to the business dictionary economic environment is the totality of economic factors such as employment, income, inflation, interest rates, productivity and wealth that influences the buying behavior of consumers and institutions. The Nigerian economic environment is the biggest in Africa. It is also one of the fastest growing and robust economy in the world which will be suitable for selling the Nebulas Gal . GAL toothier. 2. Economic infrastructure: According to a study done by economy watch, Insignias economic structure suffers from a lack of infrastructure and poor regulation related to foreign and private investments. To encourage foreign direct investment in foreign direct investments, the country has aligned trade tariffs with the Economic Community of West African States (SHOWCASE) standards. Prior to 2005, trade tariffs were the second largest source of revenue for the country and this will give Karmic International Motors an advantage to migrate its motorbike business to Nigeria. 2. Standard of living: Still, for 80 percent of the Nigerian population, the cost of living is around USED 1 per day. And there is also a deteriorating infrastructure. Although there is a small but growing middle-class in Nigeria there remains a glaring absence of a middle class. The rich are filthy rich and the poor are dismally, irrevocably poor. Hence Karmic International Motors needs to consider these disparities for pricing. 2. 3 Economic infrastructure: Among its African peers, Nigeria has relatively advanced power, road, rail, and CIT networks that cover the national territory quite extensively. In the transport sector, Insignias road networks are in poor condition from lack of maintenance, and the country has a poor record on air transport safety which means that when Karmic International Motors should expert logistical challenges especially when transporting the motorbikes from the assembly plant to the show rooms. 5 | Page 2. 4 Per capita income: According to the World Bank national accounts data, and COED National Accounts data files, the latest value for GAP per capita (current SIS$) in Nigeria was $1,501. 72 as of 201 1 . Over the past 51 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated be;en $1,501. In 201 1 and $91. 37 in 1960. This will affect the profit margins of Karmic International Motors especially taking into considerations all capital that has to be spent on running the business and looking at the time to make a return on investment. 2. 5 Exchange rate: according to the money converter the latest exchange rates is 1 South African Rand is equals 16. 1683 Nigerian Naira. This is a good thing because it means all assembling of the motorbike and logistics will be done in Nigeria for a very small amount then transported to other African states at a lower rate. It also means that the motorbike will be marketable nice oil prices are low in Nigeria. 3 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT: is a set of beliefs, practices, customs and behaviors that are found to be common to everyone that is living within a certain population. Cultural environments shape the way that every person develops, influencing ideologies and personalities [o] 3. 1 Living standard: In Nigerian living in poverty has risen to nearly 61% over the past 5 years. Absolute poverty is measured by those who can afford only the bare essentials. According to WFM Poverty has risen in Nigeria, with almost 100 million people living on less than a $1 a day, despite economic growth. It is a concern for Karmic International Motors besides of doing business in Nigeria, CSS projects that will fit in to the standard of living must be considered to improve the standard of living. 3. 2 Gangue Although: English is the official language of Nigeria but Hausa, Your, Gobo are the some of the domino languages in Nigeria. For marketing the bike on different radio stations all of these languages have to be taken into considerations. 3. Lifestyle: Nigerian are outgoing and friendly. Unlike in South Africa, The motorbike is a very popular mode of transport used in different areas of remonstration in Nigeria. This is a pulling factor for Karmic International Motors to invest in Nigeria. 3. 4 Values: Extended families are still the norm and are in fact the backbone of the social system. Grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, sisters, brothers and in-laws all work as a unit through life. Family relationships are guided by hierarchy and seniority. Social standing and recognition is achieved through extended families. These are the values that will be used by Karmic International Motors when they are running marketing campaigns to sell the motorbike. 3. 5 Taboos: Nigeria is a religious entry, the northern part of Nigeria is comprised Of conservative Muslims while the South has conservative Christians. Therefore it is taboo to eat in 6 | Page public during the month of fasting and this is one of the points that Karmic International Motors needs to put in mind when hiring some of the staff members. 3. 5 Norms and customs: Many Nigerian use gestures when communicating. They may smile to mask their true feelings, especially when disappointed or confused. Many employ indirect eye contact to demonstrate their respect for the other person. It is common to gaze at the forehead or shoulders of money they do not know well. Very direct eye contact may be interpreted as being intrusive unless there is a longstanding personal relationship. Members of staff of Karmic International Motors who will be going to train and work in Nigeria from South Africa needs to be trained on the Norms and customs before departing. DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT: According to business dictionary [o] this is the demographic factors of the market in which an organization operates, and which are used to segment the target population for effective marketing. 4. 1 Size of population: 173. 6 million in 2013 and over 250 ethnic groups including Hausa and Filial 29%, Your 21 Oh, Gobo (Bib) 18%, Jaw 10%, Kanji 4%, Bobbie 3. 5%, Tip 2. 5% ,Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%. This is a huge market for Karmic International Motors. The different demographic dynamics needs to be taken into consideration when setting up the business as well. 4. 2 Education level: The majority of curricula found in the international schools in Nigeria follow British, American or International Baccalaureate standards. The quality of education tends to be high, and students who are children of employees who decides to relocated there need not worry about ailing behind during their time abroad. Furthermore, many of the private schools are equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, and offer a healthy choice of extra-curricular activities. 3 Income level: The income levels are low however there is growing middle-class. The pricing of the motorbike should consider this fact. The Nebulas Gal . GAL motorbike needs to cater both the middle-class and the lower class. Furthermore this will also be at the advantage of Karmic International Motors when it hires staff from Nigeria. 4. 4 Employment rate: Although there is oil in Nigeria and other thriving sectors like farming by big business, however there is also a thriving small medium business enterprises. It also very much important for Karmic International Motors to note this because they will most of the time not be dealing with people who get monthly income but people who will be paying their installment at any given time in a month. 4. 5 Occupation distribution Incentives looking for work in Nigeria can average as much as 45 percent above basic pay, and range between about SAID 100,000 and USED 200,000 per annum. The average is about USED 123,000 a year, but is often quoted in terms of (approximately) USED 71 Page 00 per day. Very high-level senior management jobs in the oil sector will command higher salaries, sometimes as much as USED 450,000 a year. 5 CONCLUSION This assignment discussed different issues that entailed an in-depth look at the Exportability of global markets where issues such as the relationship between national culture and the film industry were explored on the first question. There was also a description of cultural globalization as a two-way street and a look as to why certain film genres do better in some cultures than in others.

Three Infectious Diseases essays

Three Infectious Diseases essays In the beginning diseases were thought to be a kind of punishment from God, rather than an infection caused by a foreign body. Later this was found to be untrue, and we now have an entire field of science devoted to the study of these diseases, the foreign bodies that cause them, and treatments for the diseases. I am prepared to compare 3 infectious diseases. The first disease is AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.. This disease breaks down the immune system and makes it vulnerable to opportunistic diseases. AIDS is caused by HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus attacks white blood cells, and makes the immune system work for the virus rather than the body, and because our immune is so wonderful and strong, it is impossible to beat it, and consequently we cannot beat the virus. Ways that people receive this virus are very clear, through the exchange of body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk) . Although saliva does carry some of the virus, it is not enough to infect a person. So, things such as kissing and sharing drinks are safe from transmission of this virus. There is no cure for AIDS or HIV. There are however, symptomatic treatments do exist. These treatments can prolong the life of a patient. Symptoms include: fever, chills, night sweats, skin rashes, headaches, malaise, swollen lymph nodes, a nd general discomfort. Flu-like symptoms occur several months after infection. This epidemic is a current one, which began in the mid- 70s, and has effect virtually everyone from the lower class to upper class white senators. The epidemic appears to be world spread beginning in Africa, spreading to South and North America, then moving on to Europe, and finally spreading to Asia and parts of Australia. Although the number still grows, as of today, 18.8 million people have died from this epidemic. In the 1300's the epidemic we call ABlack Death@, Bubonic Plague, began in China. By 1347, it had spre...

Report about Plagiarism is one form of academic dishonesty, although Essay

Report about Plagiarism is one form of academic dishonesty, although it cannot be assumed that all plagiarism occurs merely because a student is aiming to cheat. Discuss - Essay Example It is basically copying and pasting ideas from an original work of another person.Murdoch University (2004) defines plagiarism as: Plagiarism constitutes using the work of another without indicating by referencing (and by quotation marks when exact phrases and passages are borrowed) that the ideas expressed are not their own. †¦ Plagiarism and collusion apply to work in any medium (for example, written or audio text, film production, computer programs, etc.) (p. 20). Most universities tend to believe that students plagiarise simply because they want to cheat, however an analysis of a qualitative study done on 12 students revealed that there are other factors that influence a student in plagiarising. Such factors range from poor academic skills, self esteem to social and cultural factors. Research findings from other parts of the world are also comparing positively with these research findings and these findings can go along in generating ideas for universities to look into in solving this issue. Several studies all over the world have been conducted to find out what influences students to commit plagiarism. Initial researches have often used the assumption that plagiarism as a form of cheating is done deliberately by students for selfish gain however recently other research institutions have deviated from this assumption to other qualitative views that propels students to plagiarise (MurdochUniversity, 2004). Certain factors associated with education such as academic skills, social pressures, cultural pressures have also been found to contribute to plagiarism without the student necessarily intending. Although in most universities plagiarism is often equated with cheating. Cheating such as taking notes to an exam room, lying so as to get consideration and intentionally coming up with a fake bibliography is more intentional than plagiarism therefore plagiarism should be given a different approach in order to

Critically evaluate the role played by Victim Support in assisting Essay

Critically evaluate the role played by Victim Support in assisting victims of crime and advocating for reforms on their behalf. And Critically evaluate the cont - Essay Example Other wise they loose the confidence in organized world and faith in other human beings which is dangerous to the society. Hence it calls for immediate measures for crime management and victim support services (Van Dijk, 1996). However, the successful crime management requires thorough study of nature of crime and causes of the same and nature of victimization (Joutsen, 1997). Hence this necessitates the reforms in the criminal law provisions and judiciary and also establishment of victim support organizations for providing services and assistance to genuine victims of crime (Groenhuijsen, 1998). This is made possible by victim support services, European court of Human Rights and the Council of Europe. Victim support1 is a service available to citizens of England for helping themselves in minimizing the effects of crime. There has been a remarkable increase in incidents of crime in different forms in the European society. It is indeed difficult to solve these crime related problems for any person at his individual level with out any external support. Hence there is a strong necessity of some supporting charity or institution that aids the people subjected to crime. Its main objective is to reduce the negative effects of the crime and to manage the crime related after effects in most efficient manner. The role of Victim Support is highly appreciable in this direction. Moreover, Victim Support also promotes and advances the rights of victims and witnesses. Victim support also maintains the confidentiality and privacy of the victims of crime and hence it is liked by all the sections of the people. It is also committed to the service of minority and disadvantaged groups subjected to crime on priority basis. Hence here is a need to critically evaluate its role in assisting victims and advocating reforms on their behalf. Victim Support assists the victims to deal with their experience in most efficient manner. It also

Security Requirements & Possible Risks Essay Example for Free

Security Requirements Possible Risks Essay Huffman Trucking, an established trucking company since 1936, has recently requested the implementation of a new Benefits Elections System to assist management in tracking and reporting the benefits of both union and non-union employees. A database system will be utilized to store critical data such as employee information, along with the benefit package of their choosing. Storing such information requires necessary security measures to be in place to ensure the total protection of the data within. The risks associated with storing critical information must also be thoroughly addressed so Huffman Trucking can develop effective action plans to prevent potential threats from harming the organization. Regardless of the storage method when handling critical information, security measures must be implemented to effectively protect the data, as well as the company assets from potential threats such as theft or litigation. Security Requirements When it comes to effectively protecting company data, any organization has the great responsibility to identify as well as implement security policies, values, strategies, processes, procedures, and best practices to fully ensure data protection, as well as ensure that organizational goals and objectives are continually being met (Reiner, 2008). The information that will be stored within the Huffman Trucking database will include: employee names, social security numbers, birthdates, etc. The loss of such data can ultimately not only harm the employee, but the organization as a whole. In an effort to reduce and/or eliminate such risks, security requirements for the Benefits Elections System should include: firewall security, encryption, and password protection and renewal. Firewall security is an absolute necessary security requirement to effectively protect the database from malicious attacks such as hackers. Firewall security refers to a network device that will block certain types of network traffic, forming a barricade between a trusted and an untrusted network (â€Å"Dell†, 2013). The purpose of this security measure is to prevent the spread of computer attacks by blocking access to information from unauthorized sources. Due to the amount of sensitive data that will be stored within the system, it is recommended that the firewalls should be configured to support the default-deny policy, in which the allowed network services are listed, and everything else is denied (â€Å"Dell†, 2013). The use of encryption will also enhance the security of the information that will be stored within the Benefits Elections System. Encryption is a simple security measure that will distort the information contained within an employee file so that it can be viewed only by the authorized users who have the proper encryption key to decipher it. Much like firewall security, it will block unauthorized users from accessing confidential information by making the data impossible to view. Password protection and renewal are crucial security measures that must be enforced by Huffman Trucking to ensure the protection of data stored within the Benefits Elections System. Authorized users should protect their passwords at all costs; unprotected passwords leave critical data vulnerable to access by unauthorized users. Recommendations to ensure a password is protected include: * Password length: A password should always be at least eight characters long. * Complexity: Make a password as complex as possible by using a variety of letters, numbers, symbols and punctuations. The more complex the password, the better protected it is. * Variation: Change a password at least every three months, if not more. * Variety: Use different passwords for different accounts. Never use the same password for everything. * Confidentiality: Never share or write down a password. Writing down or sharing a password leaves critical data vulnerable in ways that most people can never imagine. The ability of an organization to renew passwords frequently is a significant step towards enhanced data protection (Brown, 2010). To enhance the effectiveness of password renewal, system users should not have the ability to use previous passwords when renewing the current ones. Implementing password renewal on the Benefits Elections System will ensure security measures are continually enforced, especially in the event that if an unauthorized user were to gain access to the system, the password would only be good for a specific length of time before it will be changed. Possible Risks â€Å"Risk† is a term that most people, as well as organizations, are familiar with. Risk can be defined as the probability of any possible threat turning into a disaster, which is why significant measures are often taken to reduce and/or eliminate such possibilities. By utilizing a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats), Huffman Trucking can effectively determine the vulnerabilities associated with implementing a Benefits Elections System, and develop action plans to correct the vulnerabilities to prevent the risks from becoming reality. Several risks are often associated with the implementation of a new system, however, the main risks that must be considered by Huffman Trucking include: database corruption, human error, and hacking and other malicious attacks. Database corruption is likely the most common cause of data loss within an information system (Mulvey, 2006). Database corruption damages the database and impairs functionality. Memory errors, network errors, power glitches, PC crashing when the database is open are all examples of incidences that can lead to database corruption. Data corruption is unfortunately inevitable; however, there are several practices that can be done to avoid such a threat. These practices include, but are not limited to: * Ensuring the network is set up properly. * Running Scandisk and Defrag often to ensure hard disk functionality. * Refraining from using databases during thunderstorms to avoid power glitches. * Ensuring the database is implemented correctly, and is ready to be utilized by all system users. Human error is perhaps one of the biggest threats that can lead to data corruption. It is important to keep in mind that the greater the number of system users of the Benefits Elections System, the more chances there are for crucial information to be leaked or mishandled. Taking the proper precautions to safeguard the data (this should include a thorough training after system implementation) to ensure the information is appropriately handled at all times is vital to the well-being of both the employees, as well as the organization. Given the amount of sensitive information that will be stored within the Benefits Elections System, it is obvious that Huffman Trucking must be aware that cyber-criminals will try to gain access to such data should it be left unprotected. Breaking into information systems for malicious intent is something that has made security what it is today: thorough and inflexible. Hackers are smart nowadays; they can make use of a number of tools and techniques to grant them access to information, which can have damaging effects on the victim(s). The possibilities of what a cyber-criminal will do once he or she has access to sensitive information are endless; however, one thing is for sure: the victim(s) could virtually lose everything. Without the proper security measures that were previously mentioned in place, the Benefits Elections System will be vulnerable to hackers and other malicious attacks. Thoroughly examining the potential risks with the implementation of any information system will allow an organization to effectively develop action plans and enforce the necessary security measures required to reduce and/or eliminate such risks. A thorough and effective risk analysis will demonstrate how firewall security, encryption, and password protection can reduce the risks of database corruption and malicious attacks. Like any information system, the Benefits Elections System will prove to be vulnerable to potential threats if not protected at all costs. References Brown, T. (2010). Protecting Organizations’ Most Critical Data with Privileged Password Management. New York, NY: Auerbach Publications . Dell. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.secureworks.com/resources/articles/other_articles/firewall-security/ Mulvey, A. (2006). QA Database Corruption. Retrieved from